Near traffic source apportionment
in the City of Dresden, Saxony
PART II: Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
Holger Gerwig
1
, Hartmut Bittner
2
1
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden
2
Department of Umwelt Service, TÜV Industrie Service GmbH TÜV
SÜD Group, Dresden, Germany
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 2
Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
1.
Introduction: Why detecting PM10 exceedances ?
2.
Measurements in Dresden
3.
Results
•
PM10 source apportionment according to Lenschow
•
Exceedances of limit values by long range transport
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances
4.
Conclusions
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 3
•
EU-directive
for protection of health
EU/1999/30 + in Germany: 22. BImSchV
(PM10)
•
Limit value: 35 x > 50 μg/m³
PM10 daily
av.
•
Dresden traffic
2003: 53 x > 50 μg/m³
2005: 39 x > 50 μg/m³ (until 08-2005)
->
air quality plan
for 2005 necessary
•
Contents
of main components varies in
time, place, particle diameter
:
Ammonia, sulphate, nitrate, soot, earth crust,
sea salt, organic matter
•
Project:
“Korngrößendifferenzierte Feinstaubbelastung
in Straßennähe in Ballungsgebieten Sachsens”
mucous
membrane of
Nose
>10 μm
larynx
4.7 – 6.8 μm
trachea and
bronchial tubes
3.3 – 4.7 μm
sec. + terminal
bronchial tubes
1.1 – 3.3 μm
alveole
< 1.1 μm
size dependent
depth
of penetration of
particulate matter
into human
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 4
“visible” urban aerosol and Saharan dust in the atmosphere
outskirts Dresden
16-12-2004
52 μg/m³ PM10
Kufstein
21-02-2004
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 5
Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
1.
Introduction: Why detecting PM10 exceedances ?
2.
Measurements in Dresden
3.
Results
•
PM10 source apportionment according to Lenschow
•
Exceedances of limit values by long range transport
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances
4.
Conclusions
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 6
Measurements in Dresden
11-08-2003 - 08-08-2004
outskirts
10 km Northwest
urban background
400 m Northeast
roadside station
55 000 vehicles per day
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 7
HVS Samples
11-08-2003 - 08-08-2004
Sampling
every second week
for 7 days (24h)
PM10 and PM2.5
location 1:
roadside
period:
1 year:
11-08-2003 - 08-08-2004
number:
184
location 2 + 4 :
urban background and outskirts
period:
5 weeks
: 3 summer + 2 winter
number:
35
Analysis
main components
earth crust
(calculated oxides of Ca, Fe,
Ti, Mn + calculated Si, Al from Fe)
trace elements
PAH
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 8
Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
1.
Introduction: Why detecting PM10 exceedances ?
2.
Measurements in Dresden
3.
Results
•
PM10 source apportionment according to Lenschow
•
Exceedances of limit values by long range transport
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances
4.
Conclusions
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 9
PM
2.5
14%
9%
8%
1%
13%
25%
18%
0,6%
11%
18.7±9.9 μg/m³
PM
10-2.5
6%
9%
2%
6%
10%
10%
1,2%
9%
46%
10.4 μg/m³
PM
10
11,3%
9,2%
5,8%
2,7%
12,1%
20,0%
14,6%
0,8%
23,6%
soot
org. mat.
dust+earth crust
SO4
NO3
NH4
sea salt
trace el.
water + UM
Roadside traffic station
annual average of main components
(8-2003 – 8-2004)
29.1±12.4 μg/m³
Dust + earth crust: more in coarse mode
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 10
Horizontal profile of PM10 in Dresden
PM
10
in μg/m³
Fig. modified from. LENSCHOW et. al. (2001) Atmospheric Env. 35, S23-33
urban origin
conglomeration Dresden
0
50
∆
1-2 = local street
traffic fraction
∆
2-4= urban origin
4= outskirts + background
1 traffic
2 urban background
3 regional background
4 outskirts
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 11
Roadside traffic
urban background
suburban
loc. 1
loc. 2
loc. 4
PM
10
10,7%
11,4%
6,0%
4,2%
13,2%
19,7%
14,0%
0,7%
20,2%
PM
10
13,3%
13,6%
7,7%
3,2%
15,1%
23,4%
9,4%
0,5%
13,7%
PM
10
15,8%
11,4%
7,9%
2,4%
21,9%
20,0%
7,5%
0,5%
17 μg/m³
12,7%
27 μg/m³
21 μg/m³
Feb-2004 + Jul-Aug-2004
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 12
Sources of PM10 at roadside station in Dresden
Emission inventories + PM10 compound concentrations at 3 stations
(Lenschow)
28.1%
23.4%
3.5%
24.8%
12.3%
7.9%
local street
traffic in city
traffic in suburbs and
long range transport
households
industry
agriculture and nature
(5 % ammonia)
= 43,6%
traffic
PM
10
sources
(5.1 % soot
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 13
Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
1.
Introduction: Why detecting PM10 exceedances ?
2.
Measurements in Dresden
3.
Results
•
PM10 source apportionment according to Lenschow
•
Exceedances of limit values by long range transport
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances
4.
Conclusions
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 14
Days PM
10
> 50 μg/m³
9 of 27 days >50 μg/m³ during sampling period were analyzed
0
25
50
75
100
27-1
29-2
26-1
9-3
28-1
8-3
18-12
13-8
21-10
PM
10
in μg/m³
earthcrust+metals
NH4
NO3
SO4
org. mat.
soot
sea salt
UM (water)
earthcrust
Hcr
secondary aerosol
Hsec
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 15
Hsec
32-55%
secondary aerosols ; < 0°C
Hcr
30-38%
earth crust
L
< 20 μg/m³
PM10
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Hsec
Hcr
L<20
PM10 in %
earthcrust+metals
NH4
NO3
SO4
org. mat.
soot
sea salt
UM (water)
secondary aerosol
Hsec
earthcrust
Hcr
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 16
26-01-2004, Hsec
31-08-2003, L
Class Hsec + Hcr (> 50μg/m³)
,n = 9
•
no rainfall
1-6 days before
•
wind velocity half of group L (
1.1 m/s
)
•
more
inorganic secondary aerosol
or
earth
crust
•
96h backward trajectories: at least one source
regions:
Czech basins, the Ruhr area or
southwest Poland
Class L (< 20μg/m³)
, n = 39
•
Almost
every day rain
•
Wind velocity: 2.2 m/sec
•
96h backward trajectories:
14 x North Atlantic
,
Scandinavia
; 12 x from West; 13 x different
origins
Conc. all compounds:
L < H
exception
magnesium
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 17
27 days of exceedance (During sampling period)
could probably reduced with traffic reduction by x days:
0
25
50
75
100
125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
reduction in number of days > 50μg/m³ PM
10
with less traffic
PM
10
μg/m³
traffic in suburbs and long range transport
traffic in city
local street
diesel soot
- 16
- 8
- 6
- 3
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 18
Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
1.
Introduction: Why detecting PM10 exceedances ?
2.
Measurements in Dresden
3.
Results
•
PM10 source apportionment according to Lenschow
•
Exceedances of limit values by long range transport
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances
4.
Conclusions
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 19
PM2,5 / PM10 minimum, (< 0,75) on 22-02-2004
y = 0,75x - 2,98
R
2
= 0,90
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PM10
PM2.5
Saharan dust 22-02-2004
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 20
22-2-04 Saharan dust over Sizily
NASA (MODIS)
22-2-2004 96h Backwards trajectories
(Draxler, NOAA HYSPLIT)
21-2-04 Saharan dust over
Sardinia
NASA (MODIS)
Saharan dust events
•
10 days per year in Leipzig on av.
(ANSMANN, 2004)
•
more of coarse fraction
(PM2,5/PM10<0,75)
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 21
Exceedances of the EU-PM10 limit value
1.
Introduction: Why detecting PM10 exceedances ?
2.
Measurements in Dresden
3.
Results
•
PM10 source apportionment according to Lenschow
•
Exceedances of limit values by long range transport
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances
4.
Conclusions
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 22
Conclusions
•
Traffic
is the
source
of
44%
of
PM10
at a
roadside station
in Dresden,
5%
from
diesel soot
from
local street
emissions
•
Exceedances
of limit value > 50 μg/m³ PM10 daily average:
no rain
, low wind speed, air masses from
polluted areas
2 classes
Hsec:
high conc.
secondary aerosols
+ days < 0°C
Hcr
: high conc.
earth crust + street dust
•
Saharan dust caused exceedances on 22-02-2004
with about
40 μg/m³
and
PM2,5/PM10 < 0,75
Interpretations regarding Size Segregated Characterization
of Main Components with MOUDI + Berner Impactors:
EAC-presentation
: Tuesday 11:30 Aerosol Chemistry (J. v. Eyck room)
report
:
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 23
Acknowledgements
•
Department
Umwelt Service
,
TÜV
Bau und Betrieb GmbH,
Dresden, Dr. Bittner
›
Analytics of PM
10
und PM
2.5
filter
•
Staatliche Umweltbetriebsgesellschaft
Mr. Lohberger, Dr. Müller et al.
›
Sampling PM
10
and PM
2.5
•
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden
›
Financing the project
EAC Ghent, August 28 – September 2, 2005
22 Air Quality
Department 2 - Integrative Environmental Protection, Air/Climate, Radiation
Saxon State Agency for Environment and Geology, Dresden, Germany
Holger Gerwig et al.: Near traffic source apportionment in the City of Dresden,
Saxony PART II: Exceedences of the EU-PM10 limit value
Slide 24
